Sabtu, 26 April 2014

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  • Published on: 2006-02-01
  • Binding: Hardcover

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Kamis, 24 April 2014

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Metaphysics, by Peter van Inwagen

An accessible introduction to metaphysics for readers with little or no background in philosophy.

  • Sales Rank: #143189 in Books
  • Published on: 2014-08-12
  • Released on: 2014-08-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .70" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 352 pages

Review
Praise for the fourth edition:

"It is very challenging to present the ideas and arguments of metaphysics in a way that undergraduates can follow, but van Inwagen not only does so with perspicuity, but also with great insight and rigor."
—Gordon Pettit, Western Illinois University

"The exposition throughout is a model of clarity, and it is remarkable how much ground is covered. There is a precision and efficiency of expression that is impressive. Metaphysics is a first-rate text, and the author is a master of the field."
—Jenann Ismael, University of Arizona

“Metaphysics is a very helpful introduction to a difficult area in philosophy, and any library that does not have this book should get it. . . . the clarity of the writing makes this volume extremely useful to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and those faculty who are interested in these issues but have only a passing acquaintance with them. Highly recommended.” —Choice

Praise for prior editions:

"Peter van Inwagen’s Metaphysics is a terrific upper division text—accessible, engaging, wide ranging, challenging, provocative. Chock full of everyday examples that, upon analysis, reveal intriguing puzzles and perplexities, proposed solutions to which are subject to imaginative and rigorous argument, characteristic of this gifted philosopher and outstanding metaphysician."
—Jonathan Adler, Brooklyn College

"In my judgment, Peter van Inwagen has authored the single best introductory text in metaphysics. On display throughout one finds examples of the remarkable insights and masterful style that have earned him a well-deserved place among our finest metaphysicians. I know of no one more careful in the presentation of philosophical ideas than van Inwagen."
—Hud Hudson, Western Washington University

"This is a superb book—a sophisticated but very accessible introduction to the basic issues of metaphysics by one of the very best philosophers world-wide. Highly recommended!"
—John Martin Fischer, University of California, Riverside

From the Back Cover
With thoughtful and engaging prose, noted scholar Peter van Inwagen provides a comprehensive introduction to metaphysics in this essential text. Metaphysics covers the gamut of historical and contemporary arguments of metaphysics, engaging readers through three profound questions: What are the most general features of the world? Why is there a world? And, what is the place of human beings in the world?

The thoroughly revised fourth edition includes an updated and rewritten chapter on temporality and significant improvements to the clarity and accessibility of the language, making it an even more valuable text for undergraduate students. Metaphysics remains the quintessential book in this field of study and a fascinating book for a wide range of readers, from those new to the subject to the most sophisticated philosophers.

"In my judgment, Peter van Inwagen has authored the single best introductory text in metaphysics. On display throughout one finds examples of the remarkable insights and masterful style that has earned him a well-deserved place among our finest metaphysicians."
—Hud Hudson, Western Washington University

"It is very challenging to present the ideas and arguments of metaphysics in a way that undergraduates can follow, but van Inwagen not only does so with perspicuity, but also with great insight and rigor."
—Gordon Pettit, Western Illinois University

"The exposition throughout is a model of clarity, and it is remarkable how much ground is covered. There is a precision and efficiency of expression that is impressive. Metaphysics is a first-rate text, and the author is a master of the field."
—Jenann Ismael, University of Arizona

Peter van Inwagen is John Cardinal O’Hara professor of philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he is the author of numerous works, Material Beings (1990), Ontology, Identity, and Modality: Essays in Metaphysics (2001), Christian Faith and the Problem of Evil (2004), Persons: Human and Divine (2008), and Existence: Essays in Ontology (2014).

About the Author
Peter van Inwagen is John Cardinal O’Hara professor of philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he is the author of numerous works, Material Beings (1990), Ontology, Identity, and Modality: Essays in Metaphysics (2001), Christian Faith and the Problem of Evil (2004), Persons: Human and Divine (2008), and Existence: Essays in Ontology (2014).

Most helpful customer reviews

10 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Extensively Revised, Even Better Exposition
By Let's Compare Options Preptorial
Showing my age, I've used this fine text to teach physical and online courses since the first edition in 1998. I teach a "metaphysical robotics" course for Engineering and Neurology students and professionals on "out there" topics like robotic reality, recursive self awareness, and autonomy of will (or predictive drivers!). If this were the typical philosophy text, I'd lose my audience (practical, hard headed Engineers and Programmers) by the first chapter. Carnegie-Mellon colleagues, take note!

The value of this series has been, and is, the author's astonishing ability to present the central concepts of metaphysics, ontology, taxonomy and epistemology with rigor, without "showing off" with the convoluted language and logic many "professionals" use to demonstrate their command of arcane semantics, rather than present the breadth and beauty of the topics.

Some philosophers bemoan the fact that epistemology "ruined" metaphysics. This text must have missed that development, as the exposition, examples, logic, breadth and depth are far clearer and more fun and readable (without sacrificing deep reasoning and giving your brain a vigorous workout) than the tiring epistemological acrobatics of other texts whose semantics and linguistics only create a contrived form of specialized Boolean algebraic rings, and seem to go nowhere but terms chasing terms.

As far as investing in this if you are into self study, or taking an online course-- I usually recommend saving hundreds of dollars by getting a previous edition, given authors and publishers who rip students and autodidacts off by churning out little-revised "next" editions. This is NOT the case with this fine text. One might wonder how a field as old as Aristotle can actually be revised (and the argument, like Euler or Euclid is that much of this is "resolved" like learning to build a compiler)-- but a huge amount has been added in very recent developments in topics like quantum physics, temporal reality (op amp integrals in our world), and mathematical reality (ala Tegmark and another of my go-to texts: Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality).

Plato's genius could imagine ideal forms projecting illusions like shadows in a cave, but not as clearly as The Matrix-- the examples in this revision are fun, engaging, and down to earth, without compromising upper echelon junior/senior undergrad math and logic levels that require careful study, not cursory reading. I usually do a comparison of contents for new editions, but so much has been revised here, that it is not necessary, PLUS the publisher has kept the price of the new edition reasonable-- under $40 US, compared to other texts in the field at over $100, and not nearly as complete or clear. I would also normally compare this to other texts, but to be blunt, this really is the "go to" text in the field, and, unlike other fields where there are several top contenders, there are really no "second bests" written this well if you're considering teaching or taking a class in this topic, or even self study/ research. Oxford is working on a new one for 2015-16, but I don't have details yet.

Highly recommended for teachers, students, and self study. I'm also a "religious/ spiritually open scientist" (kind of an oxymoron today) and find this text particularly helpful in translating where (as axiomatically defined) materialistic math leaves off, and futuristic vision/ metaphysics/ sampling bias beyond a few steps in the future take over. In particular, as a roboticist concerned with Bayesian estimates of the future (robotic "will" but including drivers and kinematics), I love Hannah Arendt's metaphysics of time and the temporal, defining will as our "organ of the future." There are numerous sections in this new edition on that topic that were not covered in previous editions. Well worth the investment IMHO.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
VERY GOOD, BUT NEEDS EXTENSION
By Yehezkel Dror
Avant-Garde Politician: Leaders for a New Epoch

This book is an outstanding introductory text on metaphysics, distinguished by introducing the reader not only to main issues of metaphysics but also to the ways of thinking on difficult and in part indeterminate basic questions. This is illustrated by the ontological and cosmological arguments on the idea of a "necessary being" (chapters 6 and 7), with discussion of related issues, such as the Principle of Sufficient Reason (pp. 159ff.)

Other merits of the book are illustrated by recognizing the possibility (I think it is a certainty) that human being "have simply not got the intellectual equipment" to reach answers on some fundamental issues (p. 177), taking into account some metaphysical implications of quantum theory (e.g. pp.179-180), stating frankly that both science and metaphysics "have no answer to the question, Why should there be anything at all" (p. 180), and more.

The statement that "...it is clear that (the thesis that our existence is without meaning or purpose) is an emotionally attractive position for many people" (p. 218) does not apply to most humans throughout history, who persistently sought transcendental meaning, inter alia for overcoming the fear of death. And lack of a sense of meaning of life is one of the prevalent causes of psychopathologies (as handled, for instance, by existential and logo psychotherapy, which do not lack clients).

My main disagreement with the author is with his use of the term "rational" to describe what is uniquely human (pp. 183ff.), including his discussion of the core of what he calls "rationality (p. 185). This is a misuse of the term "rationality," whether in its technical meaning as dealing with the relation between means and ends, or in enlarge meaning as behavior "reasonably" in terms of a given culture. For sure, "rationality" does not include value judgment, aesthetic judgment, artistic creativity, utopian or dystopian imagination, and much more that is unique to human animals.

Indeed, there is a gulf between the embodied mind of humans and those of all other animals on earth. According to the well-known "Hauser's hypothesis" on "humaniqueness," humans are unique in generative computations, enabling a practically infinite variety of expressions; multiple and open-ended combination of ideas; a variety of mental symbols; and abstract though. Also, only humans can combine and recombine different types of information and knowledge in order to gain new understandings, apply a "rule" or solution to one problem in a different and new situation, detach modes of thought from raw sensory and perceptual input, create novel images and theories, become "true believers", engage in soul-searching, consider transcendence, and more.

Such attributes are beyond even an expanded meaning of "rationality." Therefore, the author should have used another umbrella term for the special abilities of the human mind, such as "creative pondering," or rumination (in the sense of "turning over in the mind"), or whatever. Lacking an adequate term, it would have been better to speak about "higher mental attributes" which constitute humaniqueness and provide a partial list, such as above. In any case, the term "rational" is inappropriate.

However, this is a terminological issue easily corrected in a future edition. It does not impair the overall high quality of the text.

The book includes a fascinating discussion of free will (pp. `267ff.), concluding that individual actors having "free will" is a "mystery", but less so than other views. I agree that "We are unalterably convinced that our will is free, and there's an end on't" (p. 283) and that this is the only possible assumption of human action and moral responsibility. However it may well be that more attention to the notions of causation, randomness, accident, chance, indeterminacy etc. (thus Schrodinger's cat might well serve to undermine the "true-false" dichotomy), also in respect to human history (and perhaps some cosmic events?) would have reduced further the "size" of the mystery- a concept which should be understood as relative to human mental abilities, as well put by the author (pp.87-290).

All the more I miss discourse on creativity. Often choice is not a matter of selecting one of a few clear roads into alternative futures, but largely one of "inventing" additional options. Radical creativity, which is a critical power of what the author calls "rational" beings, poses the metaphysical question how past-based knowledge enables novel ideas. This may well be worth a chapter in the next edition of the book, developing also the tantalizing observation "If anything in this area is a mystery, it is the fact that science is a success" (p. 290 n. 3).

Let me conclude with a comment on the significance of the book for the improvement of political leaders (as discussed in my recent book): The author states "The best scientists seem to be able to `translate' their verbally...formulated representations of the working of things into images, which they are able to manipulate mentally in fruitful ways" (p. 237). This is also a required quality of the mind of leaders in charge of taking care of the future. Studying this book can help a fledging politician to develop in the mind this essential ability, as well as get at least an inkling of what is involved in getting "behind appearance and to investigate reality: the way the World really is and the ultimate reasons for its being that way" (p. 287) - at least as an antidote to the extreme superficiality of the vast majority of politicians. To them, and not only students of philosophy, this book is warmly recommended.

Professor Yehezkel Dror
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Lucid discussion, light on conclusions
By Jacob
PVI (pagination from the 2009 edition) sets out to defend the Common Western Metaphysic: basically the common-sense view in the west that there is a ready-made, external world independent of our mind. This text is divided into three parts: The Way the World is, Why the World Is, and the Inhabitants of the World.

Throughout he covers all of the basic problems and terminology in metaphysics today: inviduation, externality, objective realism, free will, mind-body problem, etc.

He covers the Ontological argument, albeit in its modal form (from Plantinga and others).

In terms of the mind-body problem, PVI is critical of dualism and opts for a physicalist approach. He does admit that physicalism (i.e., all properties of a person, mental and non-mental, are simply physical properties) is hard-pressed to overcome the problem of identity (see Ship of Theseus discussion).

He gives a mostly good account of free will and defends incompatibilism.

Conclusion:

The book is very well-written and surprisingly easy to read. It is accessible to the Beginner-Intermediate student. As for criticisms of the book, I am not persuaded that PVI fully dealt with Leibniz’s charge about a physical thing thinking. He says the dualist must likewise own up to the mystery of a non-physical thing (e.g., God) thinking (221). I don’t see how this is a problem for the dualist. The dualist isn’t bound to think of physical explanations for everything like the physicalist is.

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Kamis, 17 April 2014

[F312.Ebook] Free PDF Eragon (Inheritance, Book 1), by Christopher Paolini

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Eragon (Inheritance, Book 1), by Christopher Paolini

Perfect for fans of Lord of the Rings, the New York Times bestselling Inheritance Cycle about the dragon rider Eragon has sold over 35 million copies and is an international fantasy sensation.


Fifteen-year-old Eragon believes that he is merely a poor farm boy—until his destiny as a Dragon Rider is revealed. Gifted with only an ancient sword, a loyal dragon, and sage advice from an old storyteller, Eragon is soon swept into a dangerous tapestry of magic, glory, and power. Now his choices could save—or destroy—the Empire.

A New York Times Bestseller

A USA Today Bestseller

A Wall Street Journal Bestseller

A Book Sense Bestseller

  • Sales Rank: #4620 in Books
  • Brand: Knopf Books for Young Readers
  • Published on: 2005-04-26
  • Released on: 2005-04-26
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.31" h x 1.06" w x 5.56" l, 1.10 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 528 pages
Features
  • Great product!

Amazon.com Review
Here's a great big fantasy that you can pull over your head like a comfy old sweater and disappear into for a whole weekend. Christopher Paolini began Eragon when he was just 15, and the book shows the influence of Tolkien, of course, but also Terry Brooks, Anne McCaffrey, and perhaps even Wagner in its traditional quest structure and the generally agreed-upon nature of dwarves, elves, dragons, and heroic warfare with magic swords.

Eragon, a young farm boy, finds a marvelous blue stone in a mystical mountain place. Before he can trade it for food to get his family through the hard winter, it hatches a beautiful sapphire-blue dragon, a race thought to be extinct. Eragon bonds with the dragon, and when his family is killed by the marauding Ra'zac, he discovers that he is the last of the Dragon Riders, fated to play a decisive part in the coming war between the human but hidden Varden, dwarves, elves, the diabolical Shades and their neanderthal Urgalls, all pitted against and allied with each other and the evil King Galbatorix. Eragon and his dragon Saphira set out to find their role, growing in magic power and understanding of the complex political situation as they endure perilous travels and sudden battles, dire wounds, capture and escape.

In spite of the engrossing action, this is not a book for the casual fantasy reader. There are 65 names of people, horses, and dragons to be remembered and lots of pseudo-Celtic places, magic words, and phrases in the Ancient Language as well as the speech of the dwarfs and the Urgalls. But the maps and glossaries help, and by the end, readers will be utterly dedicated and eager for the next book, Eldest. (Ages 10 to 14) --Patty Campbell

From Publishers Weekly
While exploring the forest, 15-year-old Eragon discovers an odd blue gemstone—a dragon egg, fated to hatch in his care. According to PW, "The author takes the near-archetypes of fantasy fiction and makes them fresh and enjoyable, chiefly through a crisp narrative and a likable hero." Ages 12-up. (Apr.)
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From School Library Journal
Grade 7 Up--Christopher Paolini creates memorable characters in a detailed fantasy world (Knopf, 2003) in this tale about Eragon, a teenager who is newly homeless and uncertain of his ancestry, but meets his destiny head on. The odd blue "stone" he found has hatched into a dragon. He and Safira are able to communicate telepathically, so even when they are parted during their high and low adventures with magicians, dwarves, inhuman monsters sent to do the evil king's bidding, elves, and simply crafty humans, they are able to work together as a team. Paolini has received some popular press because of his own youth, and indeed some of the details here are naiveâ€"Medieval common people certainly didn't retire to their own personal bedrooms!â€"but overall he has designed a well integrated epic, complete with a Latinate language, politically acute issues, and well-realized emotions. Narrator Gerard Doyle's extensive repertoire of voices provides a compelling atmosphere that will hold the audience's attention through Eragon's travails. His slightly British accent lends just the right storytelling texture, making the audio performance an extension of the story itself. In addition to fans of Tolkien and Bradley, this will appeal to listeners looking for psychological suspense accessible to teens and adults alike.--Francisca Goldsmith, Berkeley Public Library, CA
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12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Five stars!!
By TomHunter1968
I thoroughly enjoyed Eragon, Eldest, Brisingr, and Inheritance of Chris Paolini's The Inheritance Cycle series. Originally intended as a trilogy, their bestselling success spawned a fourth book, which was a very welcome addition. I have since handed them down to my nephew where they are enjoying a new life with a new generation.

Though they've been out for quite awhile now, I have to be honest and say I bought them years ago, and only got them off the shelf a few months ago. Having been grown up as an avid fan of Dungeons and Dragons, Lord of the Rings, and the usual fantasy fare, I was pretty excited to re-enter that universe.

These have been reviewed ad infinitum; so I think I can really only add to the discussion my own experience with the four book as a 47-year-old reader. I was a bit concerned that they might be written a bit too much for kids, as I'd heard they were. But, I have to say, I was definitely misinformed. These are as applicable to adults as the Harry Potter or Hunger Games books or any other well-written fantasy tales that were initially marketed to the teen reader market, but obviously found runaway success with readers from all age brackets.

In short, each of the four books was a very fun read, and I would absolutely recommend the series to anyone with an interest in the fantasy genre.

7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
I wish I had read it sooner
By Name
A very engaging read. Don't be deterred by criticism. I did not read this series for a long time after hearing much criticism of the young author and now regret that I did not read it sooner.

There is a review on here stating that the book is only decent for a 17 year old to have written but not an adult, and that is nonsense. You would not know it was written by a 17 year old unless you were told and it is criticized unfairly because of his age. He does not "borrow" fantasy elements from more widely known authors any more than those widely known authors borrowed from ancient fairy tails. Tolkien and Le Guinn were not any more creative, many fantasy elements in their stories go back to before their stories as well. But this author is judged much more harshly and unjustly because he is young by people who are unable to form their own opinions and blindly judge the worth of a book by its acclaim. And the fact that this book is not a cult classic such as Tolkein's should not affect its merit.

It is a very good book and is only insulted by those jealous of the young author's success.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Not bad
By B. Brown
I had been looking forward to reading this book for a long time. It goes in to a LOT of detail and description which is kind of fun if you like imaginary dragon worlds. The book does not seem to have a set direction though, as in not much happens to progress the story by the end of the book. I found myself a little bored with it about 3/4 of the way through, but finished it anyway. I know there are other books in the series, but the first one did not leave me wanting to rush out and buy the next one or the complete series. I might borrow them from the library, but not purchase them.

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Kamis, 10 April 2014

[X100.Ebook] Free PDF Somebody Else's Kids by Torey Hayden Lesson Plans, by BookRags

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Somebody Else's Kids by Torey Hayden Lesson Plans, by BookRags

The Somebody Else's Kids lesson plan contains a variety of teaching materials that cater to all learning styles. Inside you'll find 30 Daily Lessons, 20 Fun Activities, 180 Multiple Choice Questions, 60 Short Essay Questions, 20 Essay Questions, Quizzes/Homework Assignments, Tests, and more. The lessons and activities will help students gain an intimate understanding of the text; while the tests and quizzes will help you evaluate how well the students have grasped the material.

  • Sales Rank: #3205904 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2012-07-09
  • Released on: 2012-07-09
  • Format: Kindle eBook

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Senin, 07 April 2014

[O886.Ebook] Download PDF Landmarks In Cardiac Surgery, by Cecil Bosher, Stephen Westaby

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Landmarks In Cardiac Surgery, by Cecil Bosher, Stephen Westaby

This text, published in the profession's centenary year, traces the history of cardiac surgery from ancient times to the present, detailing clinical developments with facsimilies of the original articles, consent forms from the first heart transplant, newspaper articles, and correspondence. The text follows a set pattern, describing the historical background to each new procedure, facsimilies of the original articles, bibliography of the main clinicians, and a commentary putting each development into its historical context.

  • Sales Rank: #2069887 in Books
  • Published on: 1998-02-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 11.25" h x 9.00" w x 1.75" l, 5.85 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 712 pages

From The New England Journal of Medicine
The development of extracorporeal circulation and the ability to perform surgery on the human heart is one of the greatest achievements of medical science in the 20th century. The extraordinary efforts related to the development of these highest forms of technology that we now enjoy are detailed in this book about the history of cardiac surgery by one of the leading cardiac surgeons in the United Kingdom. The book is interesting, and its approach differs somewhat from the usual historical treatments of medical topics. The method of presentation is personal and in many instances constitutes a behind-the-scenes approach filled with inside information and material conveyed in a somewhat spicy and controversial atmosphere, such as the description of the acrimonious details of the artificial heart saga that took place in Houston in 1968.

The book is unusual in its editorial organization. The first half consists of eight chapters that deal with separate aspects of the history of cardiac surgery. The first is an overview, beginning with the emergence of the idea of actually operating on the human heart and bringing us to the present, highly developed state of technology. The wonderment and forbidden nature of the heart throughout the ages are beautifully catalogued. Subsequent chapters describe the history of valve surgery, coronary bypass surgery, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support, surgery for thoracic aortic disease, and surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. The author pays a bit more attention to the areas he is interested in, and thus, less information is provided on valve surgery, particularly aortic-valve surgery, but a great deal of information is provided on mechanical circulatory support, an area in which the author is an acknowledged expert.

The second half of the book contains facsimiles of seminal articles on cardiac surgery, such as the report of the first valve operation by Cutler and Levine in 1923 at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, and biographies of a select group of pioneers in cardiac surgery. Thus, half the book is text, and half consists of reproduced articles and biographies. There are also biographies in the text half of the book of other physicians who were instrumental in the development of specific areas of cardiac surgery.

The book is slanted toward the author's experience with physicians whom he has worked with and obviously admires, including John Kirklin, Denton Cooley, and Russell Brock, all of whom have had long and illustrious careers in cardiac surgery. But by and large, Westaby does incorporate most of the essential aspects of the history of cardiac surgery in the 300 pages of text.

It is a readable book, nicely organized and packaged. There are some errors in pagination in the table of contents and the subject and name indexes are incomplete. This entertaining book is a personal history of cardiac surgery. It offers a reasonably accurate, colorful account of one of the greatest advances in health care technology in the 20th century.

Reviewed by Lawrence H. Cohn, M.D.
Copyright � 1998 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. The New England Journal of Medicine is a registered trademark of the MMS.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A very useful encyclopedic collection of history
By George Lewis Mikhael
The artificial heart implantation and the open heart surgery is one of the greatest achievements in medical sciences in the 20th century. It is a fight against the highest cause of death in the 20th century in which cardiologists and many other specialists achieved great innovations and efforts to treat. In this interesting book, Stephen Westaby is tracing the progress and the history of cardiovascular surgery from the discovery of circulation to state of technology artificial heart implantation in topical and chronological order. The book covers technical historical details concerning discovery of anatomy and physiology of the heart, discovery of cardiac diseases, the progress of treatment methods, the progress of technological methods and innovations of assistive devices for cardiac support. The book traces both technical and humanistic stories behind this progress. Stephen Westaby is a leading practicing cardiac surgeon in United Kingdom who and his team implanted an artificial assist to the longest living person with an electric heart pump.

To understand a little bit the purpose of the author in writing this book and the methods he used, we need to examine his history and biography. Professor Stephen Westaby (born in 1948) is a heart surgeon at John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England. He won the award of Midlander of the Year in 2002. Westaby and his team performed Peter Houghton's heart operation in June 2000, implanting a Jarvik 7 artificial left ventricular assist device, a turbine pump. Peter Houghton (1938 - 2007) became the longest living person with an electric heart pump in the world (Wikipedia). From this biography, we can see that Dr. Westaby is not a specialized historian, but a clever and significant figure in surgery. This gives us an impression of the reason of writing this book in this broad encyclopedic way as a reference in cardiac history. He didn't mention explicitly his purpose in writing the book which is a weakness but it is probably that as a cardiologist he wants to show the impact of his career on humanity and pride this progress as part of it. He may also stimulate his colleagues and students to follow the leaders in that field and to be part of the discoveries and inventions.

The book is exploring in all directions the progress in cardiology in all its branches. It is centered on inventions and discoveries by category, tracing the history of each. It doesn't concentrate on one aspect or field but shows a broad view of the history in a pure technical aspect. The book chapters are arranged topically then chronologically. Therefore the chapters are not sharply arranged in one aspect but a rough combination of both, starting with the topical arrangement. The book is divided into 8 chapters topically. Each chapter describes the history of one major part of cardiac surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass, congenital heart defects, valve heart diseases, thoracic aorta, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and the first chapter is a special introduction about ancient discoveries of the circulatory system and some other general topics related to cardiac surgery. At the end of each chapter, the author mentions a dozen of biographies related to the chapter topic. The other half of the book contains the original copies of articles and journals about cardiac surgery as well as more biographies and names index.

The book is very suitable for all professionals in the field as it requires prior knowledge in cardiology and its terms and it gives them the encouraging history about their profession. It is a good reference for surgeons, cardiologists, physicians, medicine students or biomedical engineers. It is very technically written, and therefore the unspecialized readers like historians will need to search for many uncommon medical terms and might be able to progress in reading without understanding cardiology deeply. It might have been possible to add a list of definitions to broaden the range of readers to include unspecialized readers may be historians or cardiac patients who are probably interested in this research or engineers who may be interested in studying this significant progress in technology and its effect on humanity.
Generally speaking, the author's writing style is divergent between literary style and technical scientific style and story narration including narration of the lives and deaths of patients who participated in the discoveries of cardiovascular diseases and treatment. Here are some key features of his writing in this book.

The author writes in story narration style with lots of interesting behind the scenes stories and humanistic stories of patients not just operations and discoveries. In chapter 5, "Surgery for coronary artery disease", he starts by narrating the story of confusion of diagnosis of angina and the lost relation between angina pain and the coronary artery disease and the confusion between aortic diseases and coronary artery diseases. He mentions the patients' names who participated in the discoveries of the relation between angina and coronary artery disease and their death stories and dissecting their bodies.
The author inserts some non scientific literary style to the text to give it some soft touch. In chapter 7, "The beginnings of cardiac transplantation", he didn't start directly with the traditional first heart transplantation trials, but instead he started with a verse from the bible about the Lord changing ones heart from stony heart to a heart of flesh. A symbolic verse but he wonders if it is prophetic about heart transplantation and the stony coronary and valve calcification! He then mentions a legend about a Chinese doctor who swapped a number of internal organs of 2 soldiers who awoke 3 days later. And he spoke about Cosmos and Damian, the patron saints of surgery, who replaced a cancerous leg of a white man with another black one found in a cemetery. He also talked about the heart as the seat of soul and emotions and intellect according to Aristotle and the ethical issues concerning the transplantation.

The author gets related topics from the far history not just the 20th century related topics. In the first chapter, he started by narrating the mysteries behind the discoveries of the heart anatomy and physiology and the historical mistakes and the liver being believed as the natural spirits and the heart as the seat of the soul.
Regarding methodology, the author didn't mention clearly his research methods and reasons which is another historical weakness but it is clear that he collects data from historical archival journals and scientific articles and keeps a copy of each of these sources in the second half of the book. Most of the book is written in the author's own words more than referencing. His use of references is not uniform and do not follow a defined way. References are not shown inside text; instead they are mentioned in the second part of the book by chapter which is a little bit confusing and sometime you don't find the source of information clearly.

The book uses different methods of development.
1. Narration: The author narrates the stories of cardiovascular progress history. He narrates events concerning: discovery of cardiovascular diseases, progress of diagnosis; the relation between diseases and causes , progress in noninvasive treatment, progress in surgery
2. Description: The book is full of illustrative elements: (a)diagrams of historical anatomy, (b)photos of surgeons and cardiologists, (c)photos of patients who where a key factor in discovering and testing new treatment methods, (d)copies of original pages from journals and scientific articles, (e)photos of related ancient paintings, (f)photos of tools and devices and historical equipments that were the pioneers of their type.
3. Quotation: inside the text the author inserts significant quotations of famous cardiologists and physicians and sometimes philosophical sayings and verses from the bible.
4. Original copies: of journals and scientific articles which are very useful and interesting for the reader because some of them are very old and significant.

There are many points that make the book interesting and attractive to choose. The book title "Landmarks" is an attractive expression rather than "History" or "Progress" despite the word cardiac isn't very suitable and should be cardiovascular to include vascular diseases. The book starts with ancient history of discovering cardiac anatomy and physiology rather than just the common start from the twentieth century which gives the book a deep historical taste with many rare anatomical diagrams from ancient eras. The text is not boring and quite readable due to the diverging collection of interesting historical quotations, photos, diagrams and biographies that are inserted in an interesting manner between small portions of text. The author writing style is also attractive due to his divergence between literary style and technical style and narration style as mentioned before. Also the addition of copies of the original articles is not common and adds an interesting material to the book to further read in addition to the main text which is characterized by wealth of information.

Though the many interesting points in the book, it has some weaknesses. References to the historical data and biographies are not clear. For example in chapter one, the author describes the history of discovery of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology and mentions clearly the dates and names but without a footnote or endnote reference. The endnote references for chapter one do not mention these historical data. As there is a divergent and wealthy amount of data, I think there is a need to add a graphical timeline depicting all landmarks collectively by date in the book introduction or in each chapter to show the big historical picture more clearly and to summarize the dates and events in one diagram. The table of contents needs more structuring or adding hierarchal numbering of subtopics to give the reader a big view of the subtopics inside each chapter instead of searching manually or inside the alphabetical index for a certain subtopic. The subtopics in chapter one are not consistent; "Between the great wars", "Antibiotics", "Progress in closed cardiac surgery". There is a need for clear organization of the subtopics either topically or chronologically or a clear combination of both. And sometimes you feel that because the divergent nature of the book, it is little bit confusing specially that the author did not mention a systematic way of gathering information from references and articles.

How does the book contribute to the history of cardiovascular surgery?
When searching in amazon.com, I didn't find a similar book that discussed thoroughly the history of cardiac surgery in this broad view. There are some books which discuss the history of one part or may be the twentieth century technology starting in the fifties. This book is distinctive in its careful tracing of as old events as it can trace through rare articles information. This book is also distinctive in providing the original articles "as it is", which is very interesting to read the cardiologists papers from the beginning of the century and how they thought about it. I think this book is an important and interesting addition to everyone who is interested in the big picture of cardiac history but it is not a deep or specialized explanation of a certain field history. The book did not add something new to the history but it is a well organized collection of articles in the author's words.

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